CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words used as joiners.
Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.
The following are the kinds of conjunctions:
A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:
words to words, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses.
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj1.jpg)
Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj2.jpg)
Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj3.jpg)
Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:
When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj4.jpg)
A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj5.jpg)
A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj6.jpg)
either. . .or | both. . . and |
neither. . . nor | not only. . . but also |
These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.
These conjunctions join independent clauses together.
The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:
after all | in addition | next |
also | incidentally | nonetheless |
as a result | indeed | on the contrary |
besides | in fact | on the other hand |
consequently | in other words | otherwise |
finally | instead | still |
for example | likewise | then |
furthermore | meanwhile | therefore |
hence | moreover | thus |
however | nevertheless |
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj7.jpg)
Punctuation: | Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after theconjunctive adverb. |
These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions
after | in order (that) | unless |
although | insofar as | until |
as | in that | when |
as far as | lest | whenever |
as soon as | no matter how | where |
as if | now that | wherever |
as though | once | whether |
because | provided (that) | while |
before | since | why |
even if | so that | |
even though | supposing (that) | |
how | than | |
if | that | |
inasmuch as | though | |
in case (that) | till |
Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj8.jpg)
A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.
A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.
Loose: | It is raining, so we have an umbrella. |
Tight: | Because it is raining, we have an umbrella. |
Punctuation Note: |
When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses. When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma. |
![](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/conj9.jpg)
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