Monday, January 15, 2018

PRONOUN

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns.
Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands).
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
                         
A.   Personal Pronouns:  
             
            


Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:
           
1.  three persons (points of view)
       1st person - the one(s) speaking  (I  me my  mine  we  us our ours)
       2nd person - the one(s) spoken to  (you your yours)
       3rd person - the one(s) spoken about  (he  him  his  she her hers  it  its  they  their  theirs
          Examples
         
2.  three genders
       feminine  (she  her  hers)
       masculine (he  him  his)
       neuter  (it its  they them their theirs
          Examples
          
3.  two numbers
       singular (I  me  my  mine  you  your  yours  he  him  his  she  her  hers it its)
       plural  (we  us  our  ours  you  your yours  they  them  their  theirs
          Examples
          

4.  three cases
      subjective (I  you  he  she  it  we  they)
      possessive  (my  mine  your  yours  his  her  hers  our  ours  their  theirs)
      objective   (me  you  him  her  it  us  them)
           Examples - subjective case

           Examples - possessive case
              
           Examples - objective case
       

   NOTE:  Because of pronoun case, the pronoun's form changes with its function in the sentence.  Follow this link to pronoun case for more information.

B.      Demonstrative Pronouns:
                             
                   
Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as determiners.
                  
Example:
            
Hand me that hammer. (that describes the noun hammer)
                           
Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as qualifiers:
           
Example:
         
She wanted that much money? (that describes the adjective much)

                   
CReflexive / Intensive Pronouns :  the "self" pronouns
         
             
These pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the sentence.
              
Reflexive / intensive pronouns CANNOT REPLACE personal pronouns.
                        
Examples:
                
I saw myself  in the mirror. (Myself is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting the pronoun I.)
                
I’ll do it myself. (Myself is an intensive pronoun, intensifying the pronoun I.)
                    
                    
Note:  The following words are substandard and should not be used:
                          
             theirselves       theirself          hisself         ourself


                      
                    
D. Indefinite Pronouns:
                            
Singular:

one
someone
anyone
no one
everyone
each
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody
(n)either
something
anything
nothing
everything
                  
                     
Examples:
                             
Somebody is coming to dinner.
Neither of us believes a word Harry says.
Plural:     
Examples:
Both are expected at the airport at the same time.
Several have suggested canceling the meeting.
Singular with non-countables / Plural with countables:
Examples:
Some of the dirt has become a permanent part of the rug.
Some of the trees have been weakened by the storm.
Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.
Examples:
The accident is nobody’s fault.
How will the roadwork affect one's daily commute?
Some indefinite pronouns may also be used as determiners.
one, each, either, neither, some, any, one, all, both, few, several, many, most
Note the differences:
Each person has a chance.
(Each is a determiner describing person.)
Each has a chance.
(Each is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)
Both lawyers pled their cases well.
(Both is a determiner describing  lawyers.)
Both were in the room.
(Both is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)
E. Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.
Examples:
What do you want?
Who is there?
FRelative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns introduce relative (adjectival) clauses.


Note:Use who, whom, and whose to refer to people.
Use that and which to refer to things.

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